This course presents the development, genetic, and histological aspects of cells and tissue relationships in human organ systems. The accompanying laboratory is devoted to the study of tissue microstructure. This course forms the foundation for understanding the basis of pathology and disease processes. (5 credits)

This is a comprehensive course in general and systemic human physiology and pathology. Topics are presented in order to promote the understanding of physiologic principles that form the basis for normal bodily functions. The interaction between organ systems and their relationship to health and disease are also presented. This integration of normal physiology and pathologic processes will form the knowledge base for further study of pharmacology, clinical medicine and ocular disease. (4 credits)

This course develops an appreciation for the basic principles of structure, function and organization of the human nervous system. Topics include organization of central nervous system, cerebral spinal fluid and meninges, histology of neurons and glia, neural development, degeneration and regeneration, and basic principles of neurophysiology such as ionic mechanisms of membrane potential and action potential as well as synaptic transmission. This course also presents functional neuroanatomy. Structure and function of sensory systems and motor systems are included. Analyses of the visual system are emphasized. Case histories of representative neurological disorders are also presented. Laboratory examines the internal anatomy of the brain stem. (5 credits)

This is a comprehensive course in general and systemic human physiology and pathology. Topics are presented in order to promote the understanding of physiologic principles that form the basis for normal bodily functions. The interaction between organ systems and their relationship to health and disease are also presented. This integration of normal physiology and pathologic processes will form the knowledge base for further study of pharmacology, clinical medicine and ocular disease. (4 credits)

This course is the second in the BHS 116 sequence. (2 credits)

This course is the third in the BHS 116 sequence. (4 credits)

This course deals with all facets of geometric and theoretical optics. Topics include the basic study of refraction at plane and curved surfaces, thin lenses, prisms, thin lens systems and single refracting surfaces. (4 credits)

This course is the second in the BHS 120 sequence. (4 credits)

This course presents instruction in the nature of light as a stimulus in vision; photometry; energy reception and detection; absorption processes; retinal photo-chemistry; excitation and transduction; physiological processing of information; threshold phenomena and psychophysics. Laboratory sessions include discussions of clinical implication of these processes where applicable. (4 credits)

This course is an introduction to biochemistry with particular emphasis on clinical applications. Topics in the first course in this two-course sequence will include cellular biology, structure reactions and functions of proteins and enzymes, elementary bioenergetics, and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. (4 credits)

This is a continuation of the material presented in Biochemistry I. The topics include amino acid metabolism, molecular biology and the biochemistry of specialized tissues. (4 credits)

This course introduces the components of a primary care eye examination. The initial focus of this course centers on how these components relate to the investigation of patient complaints in a problem oriented approach. The latter portion of this course focuses on patient interviewing through the case history concentrating on 1) components of the case history; 2) recording a case history; 3) patient interviewing techniques; and 4) ethical and clinical-legal considerations pertaining to the case history. Concepts introduced in this course will be further developed in subsequent clinical education courses and patient care experiences. Students have their first eye examination within the Illinois Eye Institute and perform their first patient care observation. (1 credit)

Fundamental clinical techniques used in the examination of the eye are included in this follow-up course to CLE 162.1. The techniques of visual acuity measurement and entrance testing will be introduced as well as the skills of lensometry and retinoscopy. In addition to emphasizing the proper performance of techniques, this course will emphasize the integration of these skills into a comprehensive general eye examination. This point is made through additional patient care observations. (3 credits)

The first year concludes with a procedures course that introduces the fundamental aspects of a refractive sequence. The components of a refractive analysis, in addition to the previously introduced skill of retinoscopy, include keratometry, manitest refraction, accommodation balance, and red-green balance. These new techniques will once again be integrated into a comprehensive eye examination sequence, and this is emphasized with an additional patient care observation. (3 credits)

This is the first in a series of courses presenting the theory and application of ophthalmic optics. Cylindrical lenses, prescription writing, lens power measurement, optics of instruments and magnification are considered from an application viewpoint. The mathematical concepts supporting these topics are presented. (3 credits)